Echocardiography |
Echocardiography
Left ventricle (Size) | ||||||||
Male | Female | |||||||
Normal range |
Mildly abnormal |
Moderately abnormal |
Severely abnormal |
Normal range |
Mildly abnormal |
Moderately abnormal |
Severely abnormal |
|
LVIDd (cm) Left ventricular internal dimension at end-diastole |
4,2 - 5,8 | 5,9 - 6,3 | 6,4 - 6,8 | >6,8 | 3,8 - 5,2 | 5,3 - 5,6 | 5,7 - 6,1 | >6,1 |
LVIDd (cm/m2) Left ventricular internal dimension at end-diastole |
2,2 - 3,0 | 3,1 - 3,3 | 3,4 - 3,6 | >3,6 | 2,3 - 3,1 | 3,2 - 3,4 | 3,5 - 3,7 | >3,7 |
LVIDs (cm) Left ventricular internal dimension at end-systole |
2,5 - 4,0 | 4,1 - 4,3 | 4,4 - 4,5 | >4,5 | 2,2 - 3,5 | 3,6 - 3,8 | 3,9 - 4,1 | >4,1 |
LVIDs (cm/m2) Left ventricular internal dimension at end-systole |
1,3 - 2,1 | 2,2 - 2,3 | 2,4 - 2,5 | >2,5 | 1,3 - 2,1 | 2,2 - 2,3 | 2,4 - 2,6 | >2,6 |
IVSd (cm) Interventricular septum thickness at end-diastole |
0,6 - 1,0 | 1,1 - 1,3 | 1,4 - 1,6 | >1,6 | 0,6 - 0,9 | 1,0 - 1,2 | 1,3 - 1,5 | >1,5 |
PWd (cm) Left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end-diastole |
0,6 - 1,0 | 1,1 - 1,3 | 1,4 - 1,6 | >1,6 | 0,6 - 0,9 | 1,0 - 1,2 | 1,3 - 1,5 | >1,5 |
RWT Relative wall thickness |
0,24 - 0,42 | 0,43 - 0,46 | 0,47 - 0,51 | >0,52 | 0,22 - 0,42 | 0,43 - 0,47 | 0,48 - 0,52 | >0,53 |
Left ventricle (Mass) | ||||||||
Male | Female | |||||||
Normal range |
Mildly abnormal |
Moderately abnormal |
Severely abnormal |
Normal range |
Mildly abnormal |
Moderately abnormal |
Severely abnormal |
|
LV mass (g) Left ventricular mass |
88 - 224 | 225 - 258 | 259 - 292 | >292 | 67 - 162 | 163 - 186 | 187 - 210 | >210 |
LV mass (g/m2) Left ventricular mass |
49 - 115 | 116 - 131 | 132 - 148 | >148 | 43 - 95 | 96 - 108 | 109 - 121 | >121 |
Left ventricle (Volume) | ||||||||
Male | Female | |||||||
Normal range |
Mildly abnormal |
Moderately abnormal |
Severely abnormal |
Normal range |
Mildly abnormal |
Moderately abnormal |
Severely abnormal |
|
LVEDV (ml) Left ventricular end-diastole volume (Biplane) |
62 - 150 | 151 - 174 | 175 - 200 | >200 | 46 - 106 | 107 - 120 | 121 - 130 | >130 |
LVEDV (ml/m2) Left ventricular end-diastole volume (Biplane) |
34 - 74 | 75 - 89 | 90 - 100 | >100 | 29 - 61 | 62 - 70 | 71 - 80 | >80 |
LVESV (ml) Left ventricular end-systole volume (Biplane) |
21 - 61 | 62 - 73 | 74 - 85 | >85 | 14 - 42 | 43 - 55 | 56 - 67 | >67 |
LVESV (ml/m2) Left ventricular end-systole volume (Biplane) |
11 - 31 | 32 - 38 | 39 - 45 | >45 | 8 - 24 | 25 - 32 | 33 - 40 | >40 |
Left ventricle (Ejection fraction) | ||||||||
Male | Female | |||||||
Normal range |
Mildly abnormal |
Moderately abnormal |
Severely abnormal |
Normal range |
Mildly abnormal |
Moderately abnormal |
Severely abnormal |
|
LV EF (%) Left ventricular ejection fraction (Biplane) |
52 - 72 | 41 - 51 | 30 - 40 | <30 | 54 - 74 | 41 - 53 | 30 - 40 | <30 |
Left ventricle (Geometry) | ||||
LV mass(g/m2) Left ventricular mass |
RWT Relative wall thickness |
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Normal left ventricle | ≤115 (Male) | ≤95 (Female) | <0,42 | |
Concentric hypertrophy | >115 (Male) | >95 (Female) | >0,42 | |
Eccentric hypertrophy | >115 (Male) | >95 (Female) | <0,42 | |
Concentric remodeling | ≤115 (Male) | ≤95 (Female) | >0,42 |
Description of LV geometry, using at the minimum the four categories of normal geometry, concentric remodelling, and concentric and eccentric hypertrophy, should be a standard component of the echocardiography report.
Left ventricle (Geometry) | ||||
LVEDV(ml/m2) Left ventricular end- |
LV mass(g/m2) Left ventricular mass |
RWT Relative wall thickness |
||
Normal left ventricle | ≤75 | ≤115 (Male) | ≤95 (Female) | 0,32-0,42 |
Physiological hypertrophy | >75 | >115 (Male) | >95 (Female) | 0,32-0,42 |
Concentric remodeling | ≤75 | ≤115 (Male) | ≤95 (Female) | >0,42 |
Eccentric remodelling | >75 | ≤115 (Male) | ≤95 (Female) | <0,32 |
Concentric hypertrophy | ≤75 | >115 (Male) | >95 (Female) | >0,42 |
Mixed hypertrophy | >75 | >115 (Male) | >95 (Female) | >0,42 |
Dilated hypertrophy | >75 | >115 (Male) | >95 (Female) | 0,32-0,42 |
Eccentric hypertrophy | >75 | >115 (Male) | >95 (Female) | <0,32 |
Assessment of LV filling pressures in special populations | ||||
Disease | Echocardiographic measurements and cutoff values | |||
Atrial fibrillation |
Peak acceleration rate of mitral E velocity (≥1,900 cm/sec 2) IVRT (≤65 msec) DT of pulmonary venous diastolic velocity (≤220 msec) E/Vp ratio (≥1.4) Septal E/e´ ratio (≥11) |
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Sinus tachycardia |
Mitral inflow pattern with predominant early LV filling in patients with EFs <50% IVRT ≤70 msec is specific (79%) Pulmonary vein systolic filling fraction ≤40% is specific (88%) Average E/e´ >14 (this cutoff has highest specificity but low sensitivity) When E and A velocities are partially or completely fused, the presence of a compensatory period after premature beats often leads to separation of E and A velocities which can be used for assessment of diastolic function |
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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
Average E/e´ (>14) Ar-A (≥30 msec) TR peak velocity (>2.8 m/sec) LA volume (>34 mL/m2). |
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Restrictive cardiomyopathy |
DT (<140 msec) Mitral E/A (>2.5) IVRT (<50 msec has high specificity) Average E/e´ (>14) |
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Noncardiac pulmonary hypertension |
Lateral E/e´ can be applied to determine whether a cardiac etiology is the underlying reason for the increased pulmonary artery pressures When cardiac etiology is present, lateral E/e´ is >13, whereas in patients with pulmonary hypertension due to a noncardiac etiology, lateral E/e´ is <8 |
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Mitral stenosis |
IVRT (<60 msec has high specificity) IVRT/TE-e´ (<4.2) Mitral A velocity (>1.5 m/sec) |
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Mitral regurgitation |
Ar-A (≥30 msec) IVRT (<60 msec has high specificity) IVRT/TE-e´ (<5.6) may be applied for the prediction of LV filling pressures in patients with MR and normal EFs Average E/e´ (>14) may be considered only in patients with depressed EFs |
Right ventricle (Size) | ||
RVD1basal Right ventricular basal diameter at end-diastole |
25 - 41mm | |
RVD2mid Right ventricular mid diameter at end-diastole |
19 - 35mm | |
RVD3long Right ventricular longitudinal diameter at end-diastole |
59 - 83mm | |
RVOTprox(PLAX) Right ventricular outflow tract at proximal (PLAX) |
20 - 30mm | |
RVOTprox(PSAX) Right ventricular outflow tract at proximal (PSAX) |
21 - 35mm | |
RVOTdistal(PSAX) Right ventricular outflow tract at distal (PSAX) |
17 - 27mm | |
PAdiameter Main pulmonary artery diameter |
15 - 25mm | |
RVWT Right ventricular wall thickness |
1 - 5mm |
Right ventricle (Area, Volume) | ||
Male | Female | |
RV EDA (cm2) Right ventricular end-diastolic area |
10 - 24 | 8 - 20 |
RV EDA (cm2/m2) Right ventricular end-diastolic area |
5 - 12,6 | 4,5 - 11,5 |
RV ESA (cm2) Right ventricular end-systolic area |
3 - 15 | 3 - 11 |
RV ESA (cm2/m2) Right ventricular end-systolic area |
2 - 7,4 | 1,6 - 6,4 |
RV EDV (ml/m2) Right ventricular end-diastolic volume |
35 - 87 | 32 - 74 |
RV ESV (ml/m2) Right ventricular end-systolic volume |
10 - 44 | 8 - 36 |
Right ventricle (Function) | ||
Variable | Abnormal | |
TAPSE Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion |
<17mm | |
S’ WavepulsedTDI Peak systolic velocity tricuspid annulus (Pulsed TDI) |
<9,5cm/s | |
S’ WavecolorTDI Peak systolic velocity tricuspid annulus (Color TDI) |
<6cm/s | |
FAC Fractional Area Change |
<35% | |
RV EF Right ventricular ejection fraction |
<45% | |
RIMPTDI Right Ventricular Index of Myocardial Performance (TDI) |
>0,54 | |
RIMPPWd Right Ventricular Index of Myocardial Performance (PWd) |
>0,43 | |
IVARV Myocardial acceleration during isovolumic contraction |
<1,1m/s2 | |
PVR Pulmonary vascular ressistance |
>3WU | |
RV dP/dt Rate of rise of right ventricle pressure |
<400mmHg/s | |
E/ATrV Tricuspid valve E / A wave ratio |
<0,8 >2 |
|
DT TrV Tricuspid valve deceleration time |
<119ms >242ms |
|
e´ waveTrV eak velocity in early diastole of tricuspid annulus (TDI) |
<7,8cm/s | |
e´/a´TrV Tricuspid valve e´ / a´ ratio (TDI) |
<0,52 | |
E/e´TrV Tricuspid valve E / e´ ratio |
>6 | |
PAAT Pulmonary artery acceleration time |
<100ms |
Right ventricle (Pressure) | ||
Variable | Abnormal | |
RVSP(SPAP) Right ventricular systolic pressure |
>35mmHg | |
mPAP Mean pulmonar arterial pressure |
>25mmHg | |
PADP Pulmonary artery diastolic pressure |
>15mmHg |
Right ventricle (Pressure overload) | ||
Variable | Abnormal | |
RVOTprox(PLAX) Right ventricular outflow tract at proximal (PLAX) |
>30mm | |
Basal RV/LV Basal right/left ventricle ratio |
>1 | |
D septum D shaped septum |
Yes | |
IVCdiameter Inferior vena cava diameter |
>2,1cm | |
IVCcollaps Inferior vena cava collapsibility |
<50% | |
60/60 sign 60/60 Echo sign |
Yes | |
McConnel´s sign Mid wall hypokinesia and apical hyperkinesia |
Yes | |
Trombus RV Right heart mobile trombus |
Yes | |
TAPSE Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion |
<16mm | |
S’ wavepulsedTDI Peak systolic velocity tricuspid annulus (Pulsed TDI) |
<9,5cm/s |
Supraapical infarct
|
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Supraapical and distal septal infarcts can also occur in proximal LAD occlusion after rapid reperfusion. |
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Proximal LAD type AMI
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Small basal inferior infarct
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Inferior Infarct
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Infero-Posterior Infarct
|
Posterolateral Infarct
|
Infero-Posterior-Lateral Infarct
|
Inferior/ posterior/ postero-lateral infarcts pose an elevated risk for restrictive MR! |
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Lateral Infarct
|
Left atrium (Size) | ||
Female | Male | |
LA AP (cm) Left atrium anterior-posterior dimension |
2,7 - 3,8 | 3,0 - 4,0 |
LA AP (cm/m2) Left atrium anterior-posterior dimension |
1,5 - 2,3 | 1,5 - 2,3 |
Left atrium (Volume) | ||||||||
Male | Female | |||||||
Normal range |
Mildly abnormal |
Moderately abnormal |
Severely abnormal |
Normal range |
Mildly abnormal |
Moderately abnormal |
Severely abnormal |
|
LA volume (ml/m2) Left atrial volume (Biplane) |
16 - 34 | 35 - 41 | 42 - 48 | >48 | 16 - 34 | 35 - 41 | 42 - 48 | >48 |
Right atrium (Size) | |
Variable | Abnormal |
RA major (mm) Right atrium major axis dimension |
>53 |
RA minor (mm) Right atrium minor axis dimension |
>44 |
RA area (cm2) Right atrial area |
>18 |
Right atrium (Size, Volume) | ||
Male | Female | |
RA major (cm/m2) Right atrium major axis dimension |
2,4 ±0,3 | 2,5 ±0,3 |
RA minor (cm/m2) Right atrium minor axis dimension |
1,9 ±0,3 | 1,9 ±0,3 |
RA volume (ml/m2) Right atrium volume (Single plane) |
25 ±7 | 21 ±6 |
Right atrium (Pressure) | ||||
Normal 3mmHg (0 - 5mmHg) |
Intermediate 8mmHg (5 - 10mmHg) |
Intermediate 8mmHg (5 - 10mmHg) |
High 15mmHg (10 - 20mmHg) |
|
IVCdiameter Inferior vena cava diameter |
<2,1cm | <2,1cm | >2,1cm2> | >2,1cm |
IVCcollaps Inferior vena cava collapsibility |
>50% | <50% | >50% | <50% |
Pericardial effusion (Quantification) | ||||
Small | <1mm | 300ml | ||
Moderate | 10 - 20mm | 500 - 700ml | ||
Large | >20mm | >700ml | ||
Very large | >30mm | Compression |
Inferior vena cava (Size) | |
Variable | Abnormal |
IVCdiameter Inferior vena cava diameter |
>2,1cm |
Aorta (Size) | ||
mm | mm/m2 | |
AoA Aortic annulus diameter |
20 - 31 | 13 ± 1 |
AoSV Aortic sinuses of valsalva diameter |
29 - 45 | 19 ± 1 |
AoSTJ Aortic sinotubular junction diameter |
22 - 36 | 15 ± 1 |
AoPxA Proximal ascending aorta diameter |
22 - 36 | 15 ± 2 |
AoArch Aortic arch diameter |
22 - 36 | |
AoDesc Descending aorta diameter |
20 - 30 |
Aortic stenosis | |||||
Aortic sclerosis | Mild | Moderate | Severe | ||
Vmax AoV (m/s) Aortic valve maximum velocity |
≤2,5 | 2,6 - 2,9 | 3,0 - 4,0 | ≥4,0 | |
meanPG AoV (mmHg) Aortic valve mean pressure gradient |
<20 | 20 - 40 | ≥40 | ||
AVA (cm2) Aortic valve area (continuity equation) |
>1,5 | 1,0 - 1,5 | <1,0 | ||
AVA (cm2/m2) Aortic valve area (continuity equation) |
>0,85 | 0,60 - 0,85 | <0,60 | ||
Velocity ratio Aortic valve velocity ratio (Dimensionless index) |
>0,5 | 0,25 - 0,5 | <0,25 |
Aortic regurgitation | ||||
Mild | Moderate | Severe | ||
Structural parameters | ||||
Aortic leaflets | Normal or abnormal | Normal or abnormal | Abnormal/flail, or wide coaptation defect | |
Left ventricle (Size) | Normal1 (LVEDV ≤150ml male, ≤106ml female) |
Normal or mild dilated | Usually dilated2 (LVEDV >150ml male, >106ml female) |
|
Qualitative doppler | ||||
RegJetwidht Regurgitation jet witdh |
Small in central jets (Width in LVOT <25%) |
Intermediate | Large in central jets; variable in eccentric jets (Width in LVOT >65%) |
|
Flow convergence (PISAr) | None or very small (<0,3cm) |
Intermediate | Large (≥1cm) |
|
RegJetdensity Regurgitant jet density |
Incomplete or faint | Dense | Dense | |
PHTRegJet3 Pressure half time of regurgitant jet |
Incomplete or faint Slow (>500ms) |
Medium (200-500ms) |
Steep <200ms |
|
Diastolic reversal flow in descending aorta (PW doppler) |
Brief, early diastolic reversal | Intermediate | Prominent holodiastolic reversal | |
Semiquantitative parameters4 | ||||
VCW (cm) Vena contracta width |
<0,3 | 0,3 - 0,6 | >0,6 | |
RegJetwidth in LVOT (%) Regurgitation jet width in LVOT (centrel jets) |
<25 | 25-45 | 46-64 | ≥65 |
CSARegJet in CSA LVOT (%) Regurgitation jet CSA in LVOT CSA (centrel jets) |
<5 | 5-20 | 21-59 | ≥60 |
Quantitative parameters4 | ||||
Grade I | Grade II | Grade III | Grade IV | |
EROA (cm2) Effective regurgitant orifice area |
<0,1 | 0,1 - 0,19 | 0,2 - 0,29 | ≥0,3 |
RegVol (ml) Regurgitant volume of aortic regurgitation |
<30 | 30 - 44 | 45 - 59 | ≥60 |
RF (%) Regurgitant fraction of aortic valve |
<30 | 30 - 39 | 40 - 49 | ≥50 |
Mitral stenosis | |||
Mild | Moderate | Severe | |
MVA (cm2)* Mitral valve area |
>1,5 | 1 - 1,5 | <1 |
meanPG MV (mmHg) Mitral valve mean pressure gradient |
<5 | 5 - 10 | >10 |
RVSP(SPAP) (mmHg) Right ventricular systolic pressure |
<30 | 30 - 50 | >50 |
* Specific findings
Chronic mitral regurgitation | ||||
Mild | Moderate | Severe | ||
Structural | ||||
Mitral valve morphology | None or mild leaflet abnormality (e.g., mild thickening, calcifications or prolapse, mild tenting) |
Moderate leaflet abnormality or moderate tenting | Severe valve lesions (primary: flail leaflet, ruptured papillary muscle, severe retraction, large perforation; secondary: severe tenting, poor leaflet coaptation) |
|
Left ventricle (Size)1 | Usually normal (LVEDV ≤150ml male, ≤106ml female) |
Normal or mild dilated | Dilated2 (LVEDV >150ml male, >106ml female) |
|
Left atrium (Size)1 | Usually normal (LA volume ≤34ml/m2) |
Normal or mild dilated | Dilated2 | |
Qualitative doppler | ||||
RegJetarea Regurgitation jet area. |
Small, central, narrow, often brief (RegJet/LA area <20%) |
Variable | Large central jet (RegJet/LA area >50%) or eccentric wall-impinging jet of variable size |
|
Flow convergence (PISAr) (Nyquist limit 30-40cm/s) |
Not visible, transient or small (PISAr <0,3cm) |
Intermediate in size and duration | Large throughout systole (PISAr ≥1cm) |
|
Regurgitant jet (CW doppler) |
Faint/ partial/ parabolic | Dense but partial or parabolic | Holosystolic/ dense/ triangular | |
Semiquantitative | ||||
VCW (cm) Vena contracta width |
<0,3cm | 0,3 - 0,7cm | >0,7cm (>0,8cm)3 | |
Pulmonary vein flow4 | Systolic dominance (may be blunted in LV dysfunction or AF) | Normal or systolic blunting | Minimal to no systolic flow/ systolic flow reversal | |
Mitral inflow5 | A wave dominant (A wave > E wave) |
Variable | E wave dominant (E wave >1,2m/s) |
|
Quantitative6 | ||||
Grade I | Grade II | Grade III | Grade IV | |
EROA (cm2) Effective regurgitant orifice area |
<0,2 | 0,2 - 0,3 | 0,3 - 0,39 | ≥0,4 |
RegVol (ml) Regurgitant volume of mitral regurgitation |
<30 | 30 - 44 | 45 - 59 | ≥60 |
RF (%) Regurgitant fraction of mitral valve |
<30 | 30 - 39 | 40 - 49 | ≥50 |
Tricuspid stenosis | |
Variable | Abnormal |
meanPG TrV* Mean pressure gradient tricuspidal valve |
≥5mmHg |
VTI TrV* Velocity time integral of tricuspid valve (inflow) |
>60cm |
PHT TrV* Pressure half time of tricuspidal valve |
≥190ms |
TrVA* Tricuspid valve area (continuity equation) |
≤1cm2 |
RA major Right atrium major axis dimension |
>50mm |
IVCdiameter Inferior vena cava diameter |
>2,1cm |
* Specific findings
Chronic tricuspid regurgitation | ||||
Mild | Moderate | Severe | ||
Structural | ||||
Tricuspid valve morphology | Normal or mildly abnormal leaflets | Moderately abnormal leaflets | Severe valve lesions (e.g., flail leaflet, severe retraction, large perforation) |
|
Right atrium (Size) | Usually normal (RA major <45mm) |
Normal or mild dilatation | Usually dilated1 (RA major >45mm) |
|
Right ventricle (Size) | Usually normal (RVD1basal <41mm) |
Normal or mild dilatation | Usually dilated1 (RVD1basal >41mm) |
|
IVCdiameter Inferior vena cava diameter |
Normal (IVCdiameter <2cm) |
Normal or mildly dilated (IVCdiameter 2,1 - 2,5cm) |
Dilated (IVCdiameter >2,5cm) |
|
Qualitative doppler | ||||
RegJetarea Regurgitation jet area. |
Small, narrow, central (RegJet/RA area <20%) |
Moderate central | Large central jet (RegJet/RA area >50%) or eccentric wall-impinging jet of variable size |
|
Flow convergence (PISAr) (Nyquist limit 30-40cm/s) |
Not visible, transient or small (PISAr <0,3cm) |
Intermediate in size and duration | Large throughout systole (PISAr ≥1cm) |
|
Regurgitant jet (CW doppler) |
Faint/ partial/ parabolic | Dense but partial or parabolic | Dense, often triangular | |
Semiquantitative | ||||
RegJetarea (cm2) Regurgitation jet area |
Not defined | Not defined | >10 | |
VCW (cm) Vena contracta width |
<0,3 | 0,3 - 0,69 | ≥0,7 | |
PISAr (cm) (Nyquist limit 30-40cm/s) |
≤0,5 | 0,6 - 0,9 | >0,9 | |
Hepatic vein flow2 | Systolic dominance | Systolic blunting | Systolic flow reversal | |
Tricuspid inflow2 | A wave dominant (A wave > E wave) |
Variable | E wave (E wave >1m/s) |
|
Quantitative | ||||
EROA (cm2) Effective regurgitant orifice area |
<0,2 | 0,2 - 0,393 | ≥0,4 | |
RegVol (ml) Regurgitant volume of tricuspid regurgitation |
<30 | 30 - 443 | ≥45 |
Pulmonary stenosis | |||
Mild | Moderate | Severe | |
Vmax PV (m/s) Maximal (peak) velocity pulmonary valve |
<3 | 3 - 4 | >4 |
maxPG PV (mmHg) Pulmonary valve maximal pressure gradient |
<36 | 36 - 64 | >64 |
Pulmonary regurgitation | ||||
Mild | Moderate | Severe | ||
Pulmonic valve | Normal | Normal or abnormal | Abnormal and may not be visible | |
Right ventricle (Size) | Normal1 (RVD1basal <41mm) |
Normal or dilated | Dilated2 (RVD1basal >41mm) |
|
RegJetlength Regurgitant jet length |
Thin with a narrow origin (usually <10 mm in length) |
Intermediate | Broad origin; variable depth of penetration | |
RatioRegJet/PV Ratio regurgitant jet width / pulmonary valve annulus |
>70%3 | |||
RegJetdensity Regurgitant jet density |
Soft | Dense | Dense; early termination of diastolic flow | |
DTRegJet Deceleration time of pulmonary regurgitant jet |
Short4 (<260ms) |
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PHTRegJet Pressure half time of pulmonary regurgitant jet |
<100ms5 | |||
PR index6 Pulmonory regurgitation index |
<0,77 | <0,77 | ||
PAreversal flow Reversal flow in the branch pulmonary artery |
Yes | |||
PV VTI / LVOT VTI7 Pulmonic systolic VTI compered to LVOT VTI |
Slightly increased | Intermediate | Greatly increased | |
RF8 Regurgitant fraction of pulmonary valve |
<20% | 20-40% | >40% |
References:
Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification by Echocardiography in Adults: An Update from the ASE and EACVI (2015)
Recommendations for the Evaluation of LV Diastolic Function by Echocardiography: An Update from the ASE and EACVI (2016)
Recommendations on the use of echocardiography in adult hypertension: a report from the EACVI and the ASE (2015)
Recommendations on the Echocardiographic Assessment of Aortic Valve Stenosis: A Focused Update from the EACVI and the ASE (2017)
ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)
Guidelines for performing a comprehensive TTE examination in adults: Recommendations from the ASE (2018)
Guidelines for the Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Adults: ASE, EACVI, ESC, CSE (2010)
Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism ESC, ERS (2019)
Echocardiography in aortic diseases: EAE recommendations for clinical practice (2010)
Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice (2009)
ESSENTIAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY A Companion to Braunwald’s Heart Disease
Coronary Artery Territories (Echocardiography Illustrated Book 4)